Traits

Govt abstract

Utilizing the 2021 Canadian Census of Inhabitants, this examine offers new info on the demographic profile and labour market outcomes of immigrants who’re internationally educated well being care professionals (IEHPs) in Canada. Labour market outcomes are offered by detailed sociodemographic traits.

There have been an estimated 259,695 IEHPs aged 18 to 64 residing in Canada in 2021. They accounted for 13% of all Canadians in the identical age group with postsecondary schooling in a well being subject (excluding non-permanent residents). Most IEHPs have been present in Ontario (116,310), adopted by British Columbia (45,235), Alberta (42,035), and Quebec (30,595).

One-third (33%) of IEHPs had studied nursing and 15.2% reported learning drugs. Pharmacy (8%) and dentistry (8%) have been additionally among the many high fields of examine. Decrease proportions of IEHPs reported fields of examine associated to laboratory and diagnostics (3%), private assist work (2%), and therapeutic companies (1%). Over one-third of IEHPs had a bachelor’s diploma, and about 2 in 10 had a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry. The vast majority of IEHPs acquired their schooling in Asia, whereas simply over 1 in 10 studied in an English-speaking Western nation.

About 7 in 10 of IEHPs have been ladies and most have been below the age of fifty. Almost one-third of IEHPs had lately arrived in Canada (between 2016 and 2021) and the bulk entered Canada below both the Federal Expert Employee (FSW) or provincial applications. Most IEHPs have been capable of communicate no less than one among Canada’s official languages, with the bulk reporting one other mom tongue, however proficiency in English.

Total, 76% of IEHPs in Canada have been employed in 2021. Among the many employed, almost 6 in 10 labored in well being occupations. Newfoundland and Labrador had the best proportion of IEHPs working in well being occupations (74%), whereas greater than 6 in 10 IEHPs in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Saskatchewan have been additionally employed in well being occupations.

The labour market outcomes of IEHPs diversified by subject of examine. The employment charge ranged from 79% to 81% amongst IEHPs who studied pharmacy, laboratory and diagnostics, nursing, or therapeutic companies, in contrast with 73% amongst those that studied drugs and 72% amongst those that studied dentistry. Amongst IEHPs who have been employed, those that had studied nursing had the best proportion (69%) working in well being occupations, adopted by these studied drugs (67%). Throughout the opposite main fields of examine, 63% of IEHPs who studied pharmacy and 60% who studied dentistry have been employed in well being occupations. Employed IEHPs who studied drugs had the best common annual earnings ($89,800), adopted by those that studied pharmacy ($64,300), therapeutic companies ($58,350), and nursing ($56,500).

The tutorial degree and area of schooling mattered to the employment outcomes of IEHPs. IEHPs whose highest academic credential was a bachelor’s diploma had the best employment charge (81%) adopted by 79% of these with a graduate diploma (not in drugs, dentistry, or optometry) and 73% of these with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry. Employed IEHPs with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry have been extra prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations. IEHPs who have been educated in Asia have been much less prone to acquire employment in a well being occupation than those that have been educated in most different areas. Additionally, IEHPs who had studied in English-speaking Western nations or French- talking European nations had greater earnings than these educated in Asia.

Sociodemographic traits have been related to totally different labour market outcomes of IEHPs. Whereas males have been much less probably than ladies to be employed in a well being occupation, they have been extra prone to be employed in managerial or skilled well being occupations. Ladies have been extra probably than males to work in technical or lower-skilled well being occupations. Amongst employed IEHPs, males earned greater than ladies, even when accounting for the variations in the kind of well being occupation they held. IEHPs in most racialized teams have been much less prone to work in skilled well being occupations in contrast with non-racialized, non-Indigenous IEHPs. Language additionally mattered to employment outcomes of IEHPs—these whose mom tongue was a non-official language and who didn’t communicate English or French have been least prone to acquire employment in a well being occupation.

Recency of immigration and immigration class have been additionally essential elements differentiating the labour market outcomes of IEHPs. Current IEHPs who arrived in Canada between 2016 and 2021 had decrease employment charges and better unemployment charges and have been additionally much less prone to acquire employment in a well being occupation, particularly in skilled well being occupations. Consequently, lately arrived IEHPs had the most important earnings hole with immigrants who arrived earlier. IEHPs who immigrated below the household class, or refugee or humanitarian courses have been much less prone to acquire employment in a well being occupation, extra prone to acquire employment in lower-skilled well being occupations, and earned lower than their counterparts who immigrated below the Federal Expert Employee or provincial applications.

In conclusion, IEHPs are a various inhabitants with variations of their traits, akin to fields of examine, academic attainment, time of arrival in Canada, and official language proficiency, which have been related to totally different labour market outcomes. Findings from this examine may help inform policymakers concerning the diploma to which IEHPs are usually not utilizing their expertise and academic coaching within the well being sector and which teams of IEHPs could also be experiencing larger boundaries to coming into well being occupations in Canada. The outcomes may even be of significance to IEHPs themselves, in addition to to employers of well being care professionals.

Introduction

Immigrants who acquired their academic coaching outdoors of Canada have had a protracted historical past of contributing to the nation’s labour power. Nevertheless, many internationally educated immigrants encounter boundaries to coming into their chosen professions or fields in Canada, akin to difficulties having their worldwide credentials and work expertise acknowledged by employers. That is notably true for these in search of employment in regulated professions within the well being care sector akin to physicians, nurses, and dentists. The underutilization of internationally educated well being staff is related to the deskilling of those staff which may result in a lack of their expertise and beforehand held occupational standing in addition to underemployment in additional precarious jobs (Bauder, 2003; Grez, Gamboa, and Purewal, 2023).

Labour shortages in well being care professions have been a priority throughout many Canadian jurisdictions and have intensified through the COVID-19 pandemic. To reply to these shortages, the Authorities of Canada introduced investments in the direction of initiatives that purpose to take away boundaries for internationally educated well being care professionals (IEHPs), assist IEHPs with acquiring Canadian work expertise, and allow labour mobility of IEHPs and different well being care professionals throughout jurisdictions (ESDC, 2022). Citing “acute shortages” of well being care professionals akin to physicians, nurses, paramedics, and medical laboratory technicians (ESDC, 2022), these investments are meant to facilitate immigrants with expertise and {qualifications} in well being care to enter the professions by which they have been educated when they’re in Canada.

The provinces and territories additionally play an essential position within the integration of IEHPs into well being care occupations. First, the provinces and territories have the authority^{Footnote 1} to set necessities for certification or licensure of a regulated well being occupation, or minimal academic and coaching requirements within the case of non-regulated well being professions (i.e., private assist staff), together with credential recognition for IEHPs (ESDC, 2023). Second, Canada’s provinces and territories have carried out varied coaching and licensing initiatives to ease the boundaries skilled by IEHPs and well being professionals from different jurisdictions in Canada making an attempt to enter well being care occupations (Authorities of Saskatchewan, 2022; World Employment Providers, 2023). Recruitment applications streamlining the method for coming into sure well being care professions, akin to nursing, have been carried out by a number of provinces, and plenty of additionally supply applications that facilitate IEHPs in navigating the evaluation and licensing processes. For instance, New Brunswick has the “Internationally Educated Nurses (IEN) navigation service” for nurses and has prolonged this program to assist IEHPs in different well being care professions (Authorities of New Brunswick, n.d.). Provincial governments additionally present monetary helps for IEHPs akin to bursaries and tuition assist and plenty of have offered funding to develop the variety of seats in coaching and bridging applications for IEHPs. Regulatory reforms, such because the creation of recent courses of licensing which can be inclusive of IEHPs, have additionally been carried out in provinces akin to British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Ontario (World Training Providers, 2023).

Whereas earlier analysis has examined the employment of IEHPs in Canada utilizing 2016 census knowledge (Hou and Schimmele, 2020)^{Footnote 2}, info based mostly on newer knowledge is required. There’s additionally a necessity for extra detailed details about their traits and the way totally different teams of IEHPs could expertise larger difficulties coming into well being occupations than others. Reaching a greater understanding of the employment of IEHPs in well being fields is effective for addressing labour shortages in well being care and enabling IEHPs to make use of the talents they carry with them to Canada.

This examine first offers current estimates of the variety of IEHPs in Canada by province and territory. Following this, the information are disaggregated to offer extra perception into the sociodemographic, academic, and immigration-related traits of IEHPs. Outcomes on the labour market outcomes of IEHPs are then offered, that are additionally disaggregated by varied traits. Lastly, regression fashions are estimated to offer larger readability on the labour market outcomes of IEHPs when accounting for variations of their traits. Particularly, these fashions look at the probability of IEHPs being employed in a well being occupation, the kind of well being occupation by which they’re employed, and their earnings. Mixed, these outcomes will higher inform policymakers concerning the traits and labour market outcomes of this group of immigrants, offering extra info on the sociodemographic, academic, or immigration-related traits which can be related to their employment outcomes in Canada.

Background

Internationally educated well being care suppliers (IEHPs) play an essential position in Canada’s well being workforce (Dumont et al., 2008; World Training Providers, 2022). Traditionally, the position of immigrants in Canada’s well being care system has fluctuated, as immigration insurance policies have responded to perceived shortages or surpluses of well being care professionals at totally different cut-off dates (Dumont et al., 2008). Nevertheless, IEHPs are actually in demand globally and regarded essential for addressing Canada’s rising well being care wants (Campbell-Web page et al., 2013; Covell, Neiterman, and Bourgeault, 2016; Darzi and Evans, 2016; World Training Providers, 2022).

At the moment, the ageing workforce and labour shortages in key well being professions are chief considerations in Canada. Specifically, the pressures of the COVID-19 pandemic have considerably impacted the well being care workforce (Murphy et al., 2022; Tardif et al., 2022; World Training Providers, 2022). To higher assist the Canadian well being workforce, questions have been raised relating to the variety of IEHPs in Canada and the extra provide of IEHPs that could be wanted (Harun and Walton-Roberts, 2022). This elevated curiosity has pointed to an rising significance of IEHPs in supporting Canada’s well being care system.

Earlier analysis has discovered that immigrants educated outdoors of Canada are largely overqualified for the occupations they maintain in Canada, notably within the preliminary years after immigration. For instance, in 2016 almost half (47%) of IEHPs between the ages of 20 and 44 in Canada have been both not employed or employed in non-health occupations that required not more than a highschool diploma (Hou and Schimmele, 2020).^{Footnote 3} Moreover, immigrants are typically over-represented in sure kinds of well being occupations akin to nursing and well being assist occupations (Cornelissen, 2021).

The over-education of certified well being staff not solely results in a lack of their expertise however may lead to IEHPs working in additional precarious jobs with decrease occupational standing than their earlier positions in well being care professions (Bauder, 2003; Grez, Gamboa, and Purewal, 2023). In Ontario, IEHPs have been discovered to be extra prone to enter lower-wage occupations and to work outdoors of the well being care sector than their Canadian-born and educated counterparts (Augustine and Commissioner, 2015); usually, internationally educated medical graduates report difficulties discovering various employment in well being care (Wang et al., 2023). Amongst current immigrants employed as nurse aides, orderlies, and affected person service associates, about 45 % had no less than a bachelor’s diploma, and over 40 % had a bachelor’s diploma in a health- associated subject of examine (Turcotte and Savage, 2020).

Many research have discovered that IEHPs in Canada face boundaries to acquiring employment of their fields. Quite a few coverage and programmatic initiatives, notably on the provincial degree, are aiming to deal with boundaries to registration and employment, which underscores the necessity to have correct and present knowledge to tell decision-making. One of many key challenges skilled by IEHPs is the registration necessities of provincial regulatory our bodies, akin to academic or current apply necessities, a few of which may solely be obtained in Canada. Moreover, immigrants have reported difficulties having their worldwide credentials or work expertise acknowledged by employers in Canada (e.g., Guo, 2009; Houle and Yssaad, 2010; Walton-Roberts, 2023); that is notably true for these in search of employment in regulated occupations within the well being care sector. Bauder (2003) recognized some of these boundaries as a method of excluding immigrant staff from higher-status occupations, additionally known as labour segmentation.

Different researchers have famous that sure teams of IEHPs, akin to ladies and racialized teams, are notably impacted by labour segmentation (Bourgeault, 2013; Walters-Roberts, 2022). Furthermore, whereas the vast majority of well being care staff in Canada have been ladies in 2016, in addition they accounted for over 8 in 10 adults with a well being schooling whose schooling was underutilized (Hou and Schimmele, 2020). Amongst racialized staff with an schooling in well being fields, there was a better proportion who have been both unemployed or not working in a well being occupation in 2016 than working in a well being occupation (Hou and Schimmele, 2020). Geographic variations within the underutilization of people educated in well being fields have additionally been noticed, with the best share residing in Ontario (Hou and Schimmele, 2020). Due to this fact, a extra detailed evaluation of variations within the labour market outcomes of IEHPs throughout totally different sociodemographic traits and in several areas of Canada is required.

The placement of schooling outdoors of Canada in addition to the shifting supply nations of immigrants may be linked to the difficulties IEHPs expertise when making an attempt to acquire employment of their fields in Canada (Girard and Smith, 2013; Hou and Schimmele, 2020). For instance, earlier analysis signifies that the method of licensure for physicians could favour graduates from sure Western nations as rules which can be required for some IEHPs, akin to exams and repair obligations, are waived for physicians from many Western nations (Grez, Gamboa, and Purewal, 2023). Whereas the illustration of IEHPs from Western nations akin to the UK has decreased over time, immigrants from different areas of the world, akin to India and the Philippines, have elevated their significance as sources of well being care professionals in Canada (Cornelissen, 2021; Covell et al., 2017; Dumont et al., 2008; Harun and Walton-Roberts, 2022). Different academic elements akin to subject of examine may play a job in employment outcomes. For instance, about one-third of IEHPs aged 20 to 44 who studied nursing have been underutilized (didn’t work within the subject) in 2016, in comparison with solely 12% of IEHPs who studied drugs and eight% who studied pharmacy (Hou and Schimmele, 2020). Due to this fact, subject of examine is essential to think about when inspecting the labour market outcomes of IEHPs.

Earlier analysis on IEHPs has examined the employment challenges that sure teams of IEHPs expertise both inside explicit jurisdictions in Canada or particular occupations (Cornelissen, 2021; Harun and Walton-Roberts, 2022; Walton-Roberts, 2023; Wang et al., 2023). Whereas a number of research deal with the over-qualification and deskilling skilled by IEHPs in Canada, a key hole is disaggregated knowledge on IEHPs (World Training Providers, 2022) which may present a greater understanding of which teams could also be at a specific drawback in acquiring employment within the well being care sector. There’s additionally a necessity for extra up-to-date info on the variety of IEHPs in Canada to higher inform policymakers on the potential provide of certified well being care staff. Additional, extra detailed info on the underutilization of expertise amongst IEHPs would contribute to “planning and coverage measures essential to equitably rebuild Canada’s well being workforce” (World Training Providers, 2022).

This examine addresses a number of of those info gaps. First, it presents estimates of the variety of IEHPs in Canada based mostly on the 2021 Census, the newest census knowledge accessible. Second, info on the sociodemographic traits of IEHPs is offered. Outcomes for a number of labour market outcomes are additionally offered throughout these totally different traits, permitting for extra info on which teams of IEHPs could also be experiencing larger issue acquiring employment in well being occupations. Moreover, the examine delves into the kinds of well being occupations held by IEHPs, offering perception into their integration throughout the well being care sector.

Analysis questions

This examine addresses the next analysis questions:

1. What number of IEHPs have been estimated to be residing in Canada and the provinces/territories in 2021?

   • What was the illustration of IEHPs throughout key sociodemographic traits?

2. What have been the overall labour market outcomes (employment charges, unemployment charges, annual imply earnings) of IEHPs in Canada and the way do they range throughout sociodemographic traits?
3. What quantity of IEHPs in Canada have been employed in well being occupations in 2021 and in what kinds of occupations have been they employed (managerial, skilled, technical, or lower-skilled)?
4. Had been sure sociodemographic traits considerably related to the probability of IEHPs being employed in well being occupations?
5. Had been sure sociodemographic traits considerably related to the kind of well being occupation by which IEHPs have been employed (i.e., managerial, skilled, technical, or lower-skilled well being occupations)?
6. Had been sure sociodemographic and employment traits (e.g., employed in well being/ non-health occupation) related to greater or decrease annual earnings amongst IEHPs?

Knowledge and strategies

Knowledge supply and pattern

This examine makes use of the 2021 Canadian Census of Inhabitants to look at internationally educated well being care professionals (IEHPs) in Canada. The Census of Inhabitants is predicated on a pattern of 25% of Canadian households and offers info on a variety of sociodemographic, geographic, ecysonomic, and labour market traits. Of explicit curiosity for the examine of IEHPs in Canada are immigration class, age and yr of immigration, academic attainment (highest certificates, diploma or diploma accomplished), subject of examine, and the placement of examine related to the best certificates, diploma, or diploma.

Since this examine largely focuses on the labour market outcomes of IEHPs, the pattern was restricted to people who have been between the ages of 18 to 64. The choice to set the age restrict to 64 was made as a result of age 65 is usually thought-about retirement age in Canada. Total, the dimensions of the analytical pattern was 63,098, representing 259,695 IEHPs.

For the evaluation of employment charges, the pattern included all IEHPs aged 18 to 64, and for the evaluation of unemployment charges, the pattern included all IEHPs aged 18 to 64 who have been within the labour power. For the opposite labour market outcomes examined^{Footnote 4}, the pattern was restricted to solely these IEHPs aged 18 to 64 who labored through the census reference week (Might 2 to Might 8, 2021). It is a customary method to inspecting labour outcomes because it ensures legitimate info for outcomes akin to earnings at a standard reference level and offers comparable outcomes throughout totally different teams. Moreover, together with solely people who have been employed through the census reference week is preferable when inspecting current immigrants as they could report earlier jobs held in 2020 or 2021^{Footnote 5} that have been held outdoors of Canada (Cornelissen, 2023).

Measures

On this examine, IEHPs have been outlined as people who’re, or ever have been, landed immigrants or everlasting residents, who held a postsecondary certificates, diploma, or diploma in a well being subject of examine, and who acquired their highest certificates, diploma, or diploma outdoors of Canada. The Canadian-born inhabitants who acquired their highest certificates, diploma, or diploma in well being abroad have been excluded. Non-permanent residents (NPRs) have been additionally excluded from this examine as they’ve totally different labour market circumstances than everlasting residents and could be undercounted within the census knowledge attributable to their excessive mobility (Tuey and Bastien, 2023). Due to this fact, the exclusion of this inhabitants could have an effect on the estimation of IEHPs who arrive in Canada via NPR applications.^{Footnote 6}

The census knowledge used the 2021 Classification of Educational Packages (CIP) to categorise fields of examine; 66 fields have been recognized as well being fields for this examine. Detailed info on the well being fields of examine might be present in Appendix Desk 1.

Choose sociodemographic and labour variables have been used to additional perceive the traits of IEHPs in Canada. The distributions of IEHPs by sociodemographic traits are offered by gender (males+, ladies+)^{Footnote 7}, age group in 2021 (18–29 years, 30–39 years, 40–49 years, 50–59 years, 60–64 years), age at immigration (24 years or youthful, 25–34 years, 35–44 years, 45 years or older), yr of immigration (earlier than 2000, 2000–2009, 2010–2015, 2016–2021), immigration admission class (Federal Expert Employee program, provincial applications such because the Provincial Nominee program, different financial immigrants, household immigrants, refugees or humanitarian class, immigrants who arrived earlier than 1980), language (English mom tongue, French mom tongue, different mom tongue and speaks English, different mom tongue and speaks French, different mom tongue and speaks English and French, different mom tongue and doesn’t communicate English or French), and inhabitants group^{Footnote 8} (non-racialized and non-Indigenous, South Asian, Chinese language, Black, Filipino, Arab or West Asian, Southeast Asian, Korean or Japanese, different racialized inhabitants teams).

Outcomes are additionally offered by academic traits of curiosity. Training degree displays the best postsecondary certificates, diploma, or diploma acquired and was divided into the next teams: lower than a bachelor’s diploma; bachelor’s diploma, graduate diploma excluding a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry; diploma in drugs, dentistry, or optometry. Outcomes for broad fields of examine are additionally offered together with the next: drugs and medical fields, nursing, therapeutic companies, laboratory/diagnostics, pharmacy, private assist work^{Footnote 9}, and dentistry. Detailed details about the fields of examine included for every of those classes might be present in Appendix Desk 2. Area of schooling was additionally examined and damaged into the next classes: English-speaking Western nations (United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand); French-speaking European nations (France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland); different European nations; Caribbean, Central, and South America; Africa; and Asia.

A number of labour market outcomes of curiosity are additionally examined. First, employment and unemployment charges are reported. Employment is offered as the proportion of IEHPs who have been in employment through the census reference week (Might 2 to Might 8, 2021); unemployment is offered as the proportion of IEHPs who have been accessible for work however with out employment through the census reference week. Imply annual employment revenue for IEHPs employed within the census reference week can also be reported throughout sociodemographic traits. Annual earnings are based mostly on the calendar yr previous the census yr (i.e., 2020).

This examine additionally examines employment in well being occupations to get a way of the extent to which IEHPs are working in jobs associated to their academic background. The primary measure examines the proportion of IEHPs employed in a well being occupation through the census reference week. The well being occupations have been labeled based on the 2021 Nationwide Occupational Classification (NOC), together with specialised center administration occupations in well being care (NOC group 30), skilled occupations in well being (NOC group 31), technical occupations in well being (NOC group 32), and aiding occupations in supporting well being companies (NOC group 33). A listing of all occupations labeled as well being occupations is offered in Appendix Desk 3 on the 5-digit (unit group) degree of the NOC. For this measure, all occupations have been grouped collectively and recognized as well being occupations.

The second measure examines the kinds of well being occupations by which IEHPs have been employed through the census reference week. The kinds of occupations are based mostly on the talent ranges required to work in an occupation and have been recognized utilizing the Coaching, Training, Expertise, and Accountability (TEER) classes, a brand new categorization launched within the 2021 NOC Model 1.0. Well being occupations have been grouped into the next TEER teams:

• Administration occupations: occupations with administration obligations, together with legislators, senior managers, and center managers.
• Skilled occupations: TEER 1

  • Occupations that require completion of a college diploma (bachelor’s, grasp’s, or doctorate) or earlier expertise and experience in subject material information from a associated occupation present in TEER 2 (when relevant).

• Technical occupations: TEER 2 and TEER 3 occupations

  • TEER 2: occupations that often require completion of a postsecondary schooling program of two to a few years at a group faculty, institute of expertise, or CEGEP; or completion of an apprenticeship coaching program of two to 5 years; or occupations with supervisory or vital security obligations; or a number of years of expertise in a associated occupation from TEER 3 (when relevant).
  • TEER 3: occupations that often require completion of a postsecondary schooling program of lower than two years at a group faculty, institute of expertise, or CEGEP; or completion of an apprenticeship coaching program of lower than two years; or greater than six months of on-the-job coaching, coaching programs, or particular work expertise, with some secondary faculty schooling; or a number of years of expertise in associated occupations from TEER 4 (when relevant).

• Decrease-skilled occupations: TEER 4 and TEER 5 occupations

  • TEER 4: occupations that often require completion of secondary faculty; or a number of weeks of on-the-job coaching with some secondary faculty schooling; or expertise in a associated occupation from TEER 5 (when relevant).
  • TEER 5: occupations that often require a brief work demonstration and no formal academic necessities.

These talent degree measures can present a greater understanding of the extent of underemployment amongst IEHPs with a college diploma. For instance, if a big proportion of IEHPs who’ve a university-level schooling or whose subject of examine is related to greater ranges of schooling (e.g., drugs) have been employed in technical or lower-skilled well being occupations, this could be a sign of their underemployment in Canada. Along with these 4 kinds of well being occupations, outcomes for non-health occupations are additionally offered which can present extra details about the occupational attainment of IEHPs in Canada.

Analytical method

This examine addresses the analysis questions of curiosity utilizing each descriptive and multivariate analyses. Analysis questions 1, 2, and three make use of descriptive statistics to acquire an understanding of the traits and key labour market outcomes of IEHPs. Outcomes for the descriptive statistics have been estimated utilizing the Generalized Specification system (G-Spec), a program that’s designed to supply census tabular outputs. G-Spec has automated confidentiality strategies which apply rounding and confidentiality guidelines to the census knowledge.

Analysis questions 4, 5, and 6 have been addressed via multivariate regression fashions. The primary regression (analysis query 4) makes use of logistic regression to look at whether or not sure sociodemographic, schooling, and immigration traits have been related to the probability of IEHPs being employed in a well being occupation in Canada in 2021. The unbiased variables of curiosity included main subject of examine, gender, age group, interval of immigration, immigration class, highest degree of schooling, language, area of schooling, inhabitants group, and province of residence. The dependent variable for this mannequin is binary, indicating whether or not a person was employed in a well being occupation (coded as 1) or a non-health occupation (coded as 0) in 2021.

The second regression mannequin (analysis query 5) examines whether or not sure sociodemographic, schooling, and immigration traits have been considerably related to the sort of well being occupation by which IEHPs have been employed. This mannequin employs the identical set of unbiased variables as the primary regression mannequin. Nevertheless, the analytical method is a multinomial logit mannequin, which is used to look at employment outcomes throughout a number of classes. These classes included well being administration occupations, skilled well being occupations, technical well being occupations, and lower-skilled well being occupations (check with the Measures part for definitions of every occupational group).

For every of those fashions, the outcomes are offered as marginal results as they’re extra simply interpreted than regression coefficients or odds ratios. Marginal results signify the change in chance when the predictor will increase by one (steady variable) or adjustments from 0 to 1 (binary variable).

Lastly, the third regression mannequin (analysis query 6) examines whether or not sure sociodemographic, schooling, immigration, and employment traits are related to greater or decrease earnings amongst IEHPs in Canada. Log earnings in 2020 have been used because the dependent variable to scale back the impression of instances with very excessive earnings on the mannequin estimate. Two fashions have been employed to look at this analysis query. The primary (Mannequin 1) included the identical set of unbiased variables included within the earlier regression fashions.^{Footnote 10} The second mannequin (Mannequin 2) determines whether or not the kind of occupations that IEHPs maintain is related to earnings. For this mannequin, the various kinds of well being occupations specified above (administration, skilled, technical, lower-skilled) have been included utilizing non-health occupations because the reference class. The inclusion of the kind of occupations within the second mannequin permits for an examination of whether or not IEHPs in sure kinds of well being occupations earned roughly than these employed in non-health occupations. These fashions make use of odd least squares (OLS) regression fashions, and the coefficients might be interpreted proximately as a % (when multiplied by 100) change in earnings related to a unit change within the unbiased variable (whereas controlling for the opposite variables).

In estimating all descriptive statistics and regression fashions, census pattern weights have been used.

Outcomes

Estimated inhabitants counts of IEHPs in Canada

Total, there have been an estimated 259,695 IEHPs between the ages of 18 and 64 residing in Canada in 2021 (Desk 1). They accounted for 13% of all Canadians in the identical age group with a postsecondary schooling in a well being subject (excluding momentary residents). Ontario had an estimated 116,310 IEHPs, the most important quantity throughout all jurisdictions. Following Ontario, British Columbia (45,235), Alberta (42,035), and Quebec (30,595) had the subsequent highest variety of IEHPs. Of the remaining provinces, Manitoba had 11,680 IEHPs whereas Saskatchewan had 7,280. The Atlantic Provinces had decrease numbers of IEHPs, from 475 in Prince Edward Island to three,195 in Nova Scotia. The three territories mixed have been estimated to have 605 IEHPs in 2021.

Estimated counts of IEHPs by main fields of examine are additionally offered in Desk 1. Usually, Ontario had the best variety of IEHPs who studied drugs (19,980) and nursing (32,655), adopted by Alberta (5,605 and 16,410, respectively) and British Columbia (5,915 and 15,245, respectively). These provinces additionally had the best numbers of IEHPs who studied pharmacy and dentistry fields. Inhabitants counts for the variety of IEHPs by different sociodemographic traits might be present in Appendix Desk 4.

Distribution of IEHPs throughout academic and sociodemographic traits

The share distribution of IEHPs throughout 4 main fields of examine (drugs, nursing, pharmacy, and dentistry) is offered in Desk 2 and Determine 1. About one-third of IEHPs in Canada had studied nursing (33.0%) and 15.2% reported learning drugs. Just below 1 in 10 IEHPs had studied both pharmacy or dentistry fields (8.3% and seven.8%, respectively). As proven in Desk 2, low proportions of IEHPs reported learning fields associated to laboratory/diagnostics (3.1%), private assist work (2.3%), and therapeutic companies (0.8%), whereas about 3 in 10 had studied in different well being fields.

The distribution of IEHPs throughout different academic traits is offered in Desk 2. In Canada, over one-third of IEHPs aged 18 to 64 in Canada had a bachelor’s diploma (37.6%), whereas simply over 2 in 10 had a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry (20.5%). About one-quarter reported having a postsecondary credential beneath a bachelor’s diploma (24.7%) and 17.2% had a graduate diploma (not in drugs, dentistry, or optometry). Training ranges diversified throughout jurisdictions. Notably, over one-third of IEHPs in Newfoundland and Labrador (34.8%) had a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry, whereas New Brunswick (24.0%) and Ontario (23.8%) additionally had greater proportions of IEHPs with the sort of diploma in comparison with Canada general.

Observe: Pattern measurement is 63,098.

Supply: Statistics Canada, 2021 Canadian Census of Inhabitants.

Determine 1: Textual content description

	Canada	Newfoundland and Labrador	Prince Edward Island	Nova Scotia	New Brunswick	Quebec	Ontario	Manitoba	Saskatchewan	Alberta	British Columbia	Territories
Medication/ medical subject	15.2	30.3	7.7	18.4	20.1	14.3	17.2	10.1	15.8	13.3	13.1	6.6
Nursing	33.0	32.9	52.7	42.2	31.7	32.3	28.1	47.1	45.5	39.0	33.7	46.7
Pharmacy	8.3	3.9	8.8	5.2	6.3	6.5	9.9	8.5	6.9	8.3	5.8	6.6
Dentistry	7.8	5.2	4.4	5.2	6.9	7.5	9.1	5.4	4.5	6.1	8.1	4.9
Observe: Pattern measurement is 63,098. Supply: Statistics Canada, 2021 Canadian Census of Inhabitants.

In distinction, about 1 in 10 IEHPs in Prince Edward Island and the territories had a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry. Greater than half of IEHPs in Manitoba reported a bachelor’s diploma as their highest diploma or diploma, whereas notable proportions of IEHPs in Saskatchewan and Alberta additionally had this degree of schooling (45.1% and 44.6%, respectively). The very best proportions of IEHPs who reported a postsecondary credential beneath the bachelor’s degree resided within the territories (35.8%), Quebec (31.2%), and New Brunswick (30.6%).

The vast majority of IEHPs acquired their highest diploma or diploma in Asia (62.7%), whereas simply over 1 in 10 had studied in English-speaking Western nations. Just below 1 in 10 IEHPs acquired their schooling in different European nations (8.7%) or Africa (9.7%). In comparison with Canada general, smaller proportions of IEHPs in New Brunswick (43%) and Quebec (35.4%) studied in Asia, whereas greater proportions of IEHPs in Quebec (22.8%) and Newfoundland and Labrador (17.3%) obtained their highest diploma or diploma in Africa. The proportion of IEHPs who studied in an English-speaking Western nation was highest in New Brunswick (21.3%) and lowest in Quebec (4.1%). Nevertheless, Quebec had the best proportion of IEHPs from French-speaking European nations (12.7%), adopted by the territories (5.8%) and New Brunswick (4.3%).

The distribution of IEHPs in Canada throughout sociodemographic traits reveals some attention-grabbing outcomes (Desk 3). Of word, the vast majority of IEHPs in Canada aged 18 to 64 have been ladies (71.2%) and simply over 3 in 10 have been current immigrants to Canada (32.1%), arriving between 2016 and 2021. Moreover, about two-thirds of IEHPs have been below the age of fifty in 2021.

When it comes to immigration traits, about half of IEHPs immigrated to Canada between the ages of 25 to 34 (49.9%). Over half of IEHPs immigrated below both the Federal Expert Employee (FSW) program (32.3%) or the Provincial Nominee or Quebec choice applications (20.1%). Simply over 2 in 10 arrived as household class immigrants (22.7%). About one-quarter of IEHPs reported both English (22.4%) or French (3.3%) as their mom tongue. The bulk, over 7 in 10, reported one other mom tongue, however spoke English (65.1%), French (2.3%), or each official languages (5.3%). A small proportion of IEHPs—1.6%—indicated that they’d a unique mom tongue and didn’t communicate English or French. The most important inhabitants teams for IEHPs in Canada have been Filipino (25.5%), South Asian (21.8%), non-racialized and non-Indigenous (19.4%), and Arab and West Asian (10.8%). Amongst inhabitants teams, the bottom proportions of IEHPs have been Southeast Asian (1.5%) and Korean or Japanese (2.1%).

There have been additionally attention-grabbing variations within the profile of IEHPs throughout provinces and territories. First, whereas ladies accounted for almost all of IEHPs throughout all jurisdictions, there have been smaller proportions of IEHP ladies in Newfoundland and Labrador (61.0%) and New Brunswick (63.3%) in comparison with different provinces and territories. Moreover, almost half (47.9%) of IEHPs in Prince Edward Island have been between the ages of 30 to 39 in 2021, whereas greater than 4 in 10 IEHPs in Manitoba and Saskatchewan have been additionally on this age group. Nevertheless, British Columbia and New Brunswick had greater shares of IEHPs aged 50 or older than different jurisdictions (40.3% and 38.8%, respectively).^{Footnote 11}

The outcomes additionally indicated that Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia had greater proportions of lately arrived IEHPs (who immigrated between 2016 and 2021) than different provinces and territories. Prince Edward Island was notably notable on this respect, with over 6 in 10 of their IEHPs (64.6%) arriving throughout this era. Decrease proportions of IEHPs in Ontario (29.2%) and British Columbia (27.0%) have been current immigrants.

Variations within the immigration class of IEHPs throughout jurisdictions additionally indicated that some provinces rely extra on the provincial applications (the Provincial Nominee program or Quebec choice) than different immigration applications when admitting IEHPs. The vast majority of IEHPs residing in Prince Edward Island (67.0%), Quebec (53.4%), Manitoba (59.1%), and Saskatchewan (52.8%) arrived in Canada below provincial applications. In distinction, fewer than 1 in 10 of Ontario’s IEHPs arrived via provincial applications, with 40.9% arriving below the FSW program.

Variations in language profiles of IEHPs have been additionally noticed throughout provinces and territories. As anticipated, the language profile of IEHPs in Quebec differed considerably from different jurisdictions, with a better proportion reporting French as their mom tongue (21.9%) than IEHPs in different provinces and territories. Almost 3 in 10 IEHPs residing in Quebec reported that their mom tongue is a non-official language, however that they’ll communicate each English and French (29.9%). Manitoba (77.3%), Ontario (72.3%), and Saskatchewan (71.9%) had the best proportions of IEHPs whose mom tongue was a non-official language however may communicate English.

There have been additionally variations within the distribution of inhabitants teams throughout provinces and territories. Whereas about one-quarter of IEHPs in Canada have been Filipino, greater proportions of this inhabitants group have been represented in Manitoba (47.7%) and the territories (43.8%); solely 13.3% of IEHPs in Quebec have been Filipino. Throughout different jurisdictions, South Asian was essentially the most predominant inhabitants group in Prince Edward Island (33.0%) and Ontario (27.9%). Non-racialized, non-Indigenous IEHPs have been essentially the most usually reported inhabitants group for New Brunswick (34.0%), Quebec (32.3%), Nova Scotia (26.8%), and Prince Edward Island (25.5%).

Labour market outcomes of IEHPs in Canada

Analyzing the labour market outcomes of IEHPs in Canada is essential to higher perceive their capacity to seek out employment after migration, notably in health-related occupations. This part offers detailed info on a number of labour market outcomes by sociodemographic traits. Normal employment info on the employment and unemployment charges of IEHPs is offered in Desk 4.

The employment outcomes indicated that, general, 76.4% of IEHPs in Canada have been employed in 2021, whereas their unemployment charge was 7.8%. As compared, about 80% of Canadian-educated healthcare professionals^{Footnote 12} (CEHPs) have been employed, as noticed within the 2021 Census (knowledge not offered in desk). Employment outcomes of IEHPs diversified by subject of examine. Though they represented a small proportion of IEHPs general, people who studied therapeutic companies fields, akin to occupational therapist, physiotherapist, or respiratory therapist applications, had the best employment charge (80.7%), adopted by those that had studied nursing (79.6%), laboratory/ diagnostics fields (79.2%) or pharmacy (79.2%). The bottom employment charges have been noticed for IEHPs whose fields of examine have been dentistry (72.0%), private assist work (72.1%), and drugs (73.2%). Throughout fields, the best unemployment charges have been reported for IEHPs who had studied dentistry (9.6%) or drugs (9.3%).

Variations in employment charges have been additionally noticed throughout different academic traits. IEHPs whose highest academic credential was a bachelor’s diploma had the best employment charge (80.7%) and the bottom unemployment charge (6.3%) in comparison with different schooling ranges. IEHPs who had a graduate diploma, however not in drugs, dentistry, or optometry, additionally had a better employment charge (78.8%) than these with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry (73.2%) or a postsecondary schooling beneath the bachelor’s degree (70.9%). The very best unemployment charge was amongst IEHPs with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry (9.4%).

IEHPs who obtained their schooling in French-speaking European nations had the best employment charge (85.4%), adopted by IEHPs who had studied in English-speaking Western nations (79.8%). The bottom employment charges have been noticed for IEHPs who had studied in different European nations (74.7%), Caribbean, Central, or South America (74.9%), or African nations (74.9%).

A better proportion of IEHP males have been employed in comparison with IEHP ladies (84.4% and 73.2%, respectively); conversely, a better proportion of girls than males was unemployed (8.5% and 6.3%, respectively). Throughout age teams, the best employment charges have been among the many center age teams. The youngest and oldest age teams had the bottom employment charges—65.8% of these aged 18 to 29 and 62.5% of these aged 60 or older have been employed. The youngest age group (18 to 29) additionally had the best unemployment charge throughout age teams (13.0%). Curiously, the unemployment charges of these aged 30 to 39 and people aged 60 or older have been related (8.4% and eight.2%, respectively).

Variations have been additionally noticed throughout immigration traits. Immigrants who arrived in Canada between the ages of 25 and 34 had the best employment charge (78.3%) in comparison with different ages at immigration, adopted carefully by those that immigrated between the ages of 35 to 44 (77.0%). The bottom employment charges have been amongst immigrants who had arrived in Canada at older ages—those that arrived at age 45 or older had an employment charge of 67.1% and an unemployment charge of 10.8%.

Not too long ago arrived IEHPs had decrease employment charges than IEHPs who arrived in Canada earlier than 2016. Almost 8 in 10 IEHPs who immigrated between 2010 to 2015 or 2000 to 2009 have been employed (79.4% and 79.3%, respectively), in comparison with 72.9% of IEHPs who arrived between 2016 and 2021. Throughout immigration courses, IEHPs who immigrated below refugee or humanitarian courses, or the household class had the bottom employment charges (64.9% and 70.6%, respectively). In distinction, about 8 in 10 IEHPs who immigrated below provincial applications (80.0%) or different financial immigrant courses (82.4%) had the best employment charges. The employment charge of immigrants who arrived below the FSW program was 77.5% in 2021. The bottom unemployment charge was for IEHPs who had arrived earlier than 1980 (5.6%).

The language outcomes indicated greater employment charges for IEHPs whose mom tongue was both French or English. Over 8 in 10 IEHPs who reported their mom tongue as French have been employed (81.5%) in comparison with 78.6% of those that reported their mom tongue as English. Those that had one other mom tongue however spoke English had a barely greater employment charge (76.5%) than different language teams. Notably, IEHPs whose mom tongue was a non-official language and who didn’t communicate English or French had a a lot decrease employment charge (38.0%) and a a lot greater unemployment charge (21.0%) than different teams.

Evaluating outcomes throughout inhabitants teams indicated that Filipino IEHPs had the best employment charge in 2021 (85.6%), in addition to the bottom unemployment charge (5.0%). Southeast Asian (78.9%) and Black (78.2%) IEHPs additionally had greater employment charges than different inhabitants teams. Chinese language IEHPs had the bottom employment charge (63.4%) and among the many highest unemployment charges (10.5%) in comparison with the opposite inhabitants teams.

One other essential labour market final result for employed IEHPs is annual earnings. Desk 5 presents imply annual earnings in 2020 for IEHPs aged 18 to 64 who have been employed through the census reference week throughout sociodemographic and academic traits. Earnings variations may even be mentioned within the multivariate evaluation part.

Total, the imply annual earnings of IEHPs who labored through the census reference week was $60,000. Usually, IEHP males earned greater than IEHP ladies on common, with a distinction of about $20,000. Moreover, earnings elevated because the age group elevated, aside from these aged 60 or older. Imply annual earnings amongst IEHPs have been highest for these aged 50 to 59 ($69,300) and lowest for these aged 18 to 29 ($33,920).

Substantial earnings variations have been noticed throughout academic traits. Usually, greater ranges of schooling corresponded with greater earnings, with IEHPs who had a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry incomes essentially the most on common ($79,000). IEHPs with a postsecondary schooling beneath the bachelor’s degree earned the least ($45,640). The area of schooling additionally mattered. IEHPs who acquired their schooling in English-speaking Western nations earned essentially the most on common ($82,800), whereas IEHPs who have been educated in Asia had the bottom earnings on common ($52,400).

Annual earnings differed throughout main fields of examine. IEHPs who had studied drugs had considerably greater earnings—$89,800 on common—in contrast with IEHPs who had studied different fields. The following highest incomes subject of examine was pharmacy at $64,300. IEHPs from three fields of examine—nursing, laboratory/diagnostics, and therapeutic companies—earned between $55,000 to $60,000 on common. IEHPs who had studied private assist work earned the least on common ($38,960).

Outcomes for the interval of immigration revealed that immigrants who arrived earlier than 2000 had the best earnings ($73,200), whereas lately arrived IEHPs had the bottom ($45,520). Throughout immigration courses, IEHPs who arrived earlier than 1980 had the best annual earnings ($85,600), probably reflecting an affiliation between the size of time in Canada and earnings. Following this group, IEHPs who immigrated below the FSW program and the provincial applications had the subsequent highest annual earnings, whereas IEHPs who immigrated below the refugee or humanitarian class had the bottom earnings, on common.

IEHPs whose mom tongue was French had the best annual earnings throughout language teams ($69,700). These whose mom tongue was English or whose mom tongue was a non-official language however may communicate each English and French additionally had greater earnings than different language teams. IEHPs whose mom tongue was a non-official language and who couldn’t communicate English or French earned the least. Throughout inhabitants teams, non-racialized, non- Indigenous IEHPs earned essentially the most on common ($78,800), almost $17,000 greater than the subsequent highest incomes inhabitants group—Black IEHPs. Korean and Japanese IEHPs earned the least throughout inhabitants teams ($46,440).

Employment of IEHPs in well being occupations

Whereas the earlier part offered a broad image of the labour outcomes of IEHPs in Canada, these measures don’t point out whether or not they have been employed in occupations related to their academic coaching. Total, 57.7% of IEHPs aged 18 to 64 who have been employed through the census reference week labored in a well being occupation in 2021 (Determine 2 and Desk 6). Almost one- third of IEHPs have been employed in skilled well being occupations (32.0%), which have excessive talent degree necessities, whereas an extra 24.1% labored in technical well being occupations (Desk 6). Very small proportions of IEHPs have been employed in well being occupations in administration (0.9%) or lower-skilled well being occupations (0.8%).

Throughout provinces and territories, Newfoundland and Labrador had the best proportion of IEHPs employed in well being occupations (73.8%, Determine 2). Moreover, greater than 6 in 10 IEHPs in Nova Scotia (67.6%) and Saskatchewan (67.3%), and about 6 in 10 in Prince Edward Island (60.3%), have been employed in well being occupations. Throughout the remaining provinces, over half of IEHPs labored in well being occupations in 2021; slightly below half of IEHPs residing within the territories have been employed in well being occupations (45.9%).

Sociodemographic variations in IEHPs’ employment in well being occupations are proven in Desk 6. The very best proportion of IEHPs who have been working in well being occupations studied nursing (68.7%), adopted by those that studied drugs (66.9%). Throughout the opposite main fields of examine, 63.0% of IEHPs who studied pharmacy and 59.7% who studied dentistry have been employed in well being occupations. Relative to CEHPs, the hole within the proportion working in well being occupations was largest amongst these educated in drugs (67% of IEHPs vs. 95% of CEHPs), adopted by those that studied pharmacy (63% of IEHPs vs. 86% of CEHPs). Amongst people educated in nursing, 69% of IEHPs have been employed in well being occupations in contrast with 87% of CEHPs (CEHP knowledge not proven in Desk 6).

Analyzing the kinds of well being occupations by which IEHPs have been employed, over half of the IEHPs who studied drugs (51.6%) and 46.4% who studied pharmacy labored in skilled well being occupations, which require a excessive talent degree. IEHPs who studied laboratory/diagnostic or private assist work have been concentrated in technical well being occupations (43.1% and 39.5%, respectively).

Observe: pattern measurement is 48,303.

Supply: Statistics Canada, 2021 Canadian Census of Inhabitants.

Determine 2: Textual content description

	Canada	Newfoundland and Labrador	Prince Edward Island	Nova Scotia	New Brunswick	Quebec	Ontario	Manitoba	Saskatchewan	Alberta	British Columbia	Territories
Well being occupations	57.7	73.8	60.3	67.6	59.3	56.0	57.8	59.6	67.3	57.9	55.3	45.9
Non-health occupations	42.3	26.2	39.7	32.4	40.7	44.0	42.2	40.4	32.8	42.1	44.7	55.0
Observe: pattern measurement is 48,303. Supply: Statistics Canada, 2021 Canadian Census of Inhabitants.

Among the many employed IEHPs who studied nursing, the highest 5 occupations have been registered nurses and registered psychiatric nurses (34%), nurse aides, orderlies, and affected person service associates (21%), licensed sensible nurses (8%), mild obligation cleaners (2%), and social and group service staff (2%). The highest 5 occupations for IEHPs who studied drugs have been normal practitioners and household physicians (28%); specialists in medical and laboratory drugs (13%); nurse aides, orderlies, and affected person service associates (4%); registered nurses and registered psychiatric nurses (4%); and medical sonographers (3%). Throughout different main fields of examine, IEHPs who studied pharmacy primarily labored as pharmacists (46%), pharmacy technical assistants and pharmacy assistants (9%), pharmacy technicians (5%), retail and wholesale commerce managers (4%), and retail salespersons and visible merchandisers (2%). Essentially the most frequent occupations for the IEHPs who studied dentistry have been dentists (25%), dental assistants and dental laboratory assistants (13%), dental hygienists and dental therapists (7%), dental technologists and technicians (7%), and receptionists (2%).

Throughout different academic traits, the best proportion of IEHPs employed in a well being occupation have been these with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry (66.2%), adopted by IEHPs with a bachelor’s diploma (62.1%). As compared, lower than half of IEHPs with a postsecondary credential beneath the bachelor’s degree labored in a well being occupation in 2021 (45.8%). Just below half of IEHPs with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry (48.2%) and almost 4 in 10 with a bachelor’s diploma (38.2%) have been employed in skilled well being occupations. Almost 3 in 10 IEHPs with a bachelor’s diploma labored in technical well being occupations (28.9%). The outcomes additionally confirmed {that a} appreciable variety of IEHPs with a bachelor’s diploma or greater held technical occupations in well being, indicating over-education for some staff. Nevertheless, solely small proportions of IEHPs with a bachelor’s diploma or greater held lower-skilled well being occupations.

The very best share of IEHPs employed in well being occupations acquired their schooling in African nations (67.4%) or English-speaking Western nations (60.8%). IEHPs who studied in different European nations had the bottom share employed in well being occupations (51.1%) throughout areas of schooling. There have been additionally attention-grabbing variations by sort of well being occupation. Simply over half of IEHPs who studied in English-speaking Western nations (50.9%) and almost half of IEHPs who have been educated in French-speaking European nations (48.4%) and African nations (47.4%) have been employed in skilled well being occupations, whereas 29.5% IEHPs who studied in Asian nations held technical well being positions in 2021.

Usually, IEHP ladies (60.0%) have been extra prone to be employed in a well being occupation than males (52.8%). Nevertheless, a better proportion of males than ladies have been employed in skilled well being occupations (35.4% and 30.3%, respectively), whereas a better proportion of girls than males have been employed in technical well being professions (27.9% and 16.0%, respectively). Throughout age teams, greater proportions of IEHPs within the center age teams have been employed in well being occupations—slightly below 6 in 10 of these aged 30 to 39 and 40 to 49.

Some variations have been additionally noticed by age at immigration. Increased proportions of IEHPs who arrived in Canada at youthful ages have been employed in well being occupations in comparison with those that arrived at older ages. Just below 6 in 10 of IEHPs who arrived between the ages of 25 and 34 or below age 25 have been employed in well being occupations in 2021. Additional, a better proportion of IEHPs who immigrated to Canada earlier than age 25 have been employed in skilled well being occupations (38.3%) in comparison with different age teams. Interval of immigration additionally mattered. A better proportion of established immigrants have been employed in well being occupations than current immigrants. Moreover, whereas a better proportion of IEHPs who arrived lately (2016 to 2021) have been employed in technical well being occupations than skilled well being occupations (28.3% and 22.0%, respectively), the reverse was true for IEHPs who arrived in earlier years.

By immigration program, those that immigrated to Canada below the FSW program had the best proportion of IEHPs employed in a well being occupation (62.2%), adopted by those that immigrated below the provincial applications (60.8%). About 4 in 10 IEHPs who arrived below the FSW program and one-third of these within the provincial applications labored in skilled well being occupations, which have a excessive talent degree in comparison with the opposite occupation varieties. In distinction, the bottom proportions of IEHPs employed in a well being occupation arrived below refugee or humanitarian courses (50.1%) or the household class (51.6%).

Usually, outcomes throughout language teams have been just like the language outcomes for employment charges. IEHPs whose mom tongue was French or English had the best proportions who have been employed in a well being occupation (62.4% and 60.4%, respectively); greater than one-third of every of those language teams have been employed in skilled well being occupations. In distinction, a a lot decrease proportion of IEHPs who reported a mom tongue in a non-official language and weren’t proficient in English or French labored in well being occupations (14.4%).

Amongst inhabitants teams, the best proportion of IEHPs employed in well being occupations was for Black IEHPs (64.3%), adopted by South Asian, and Arab and West Asian IEHPs (60.5% for every group). Chinese language, and Korean and Japanese teams had the bottom proportions employed in well being occupations in 2021 (43.1% and 43.5%, respectively). Variations throughout various kinds of occupations have been additionally obvious. Increased proportions of Arab and West Asian IEHPs (45.8%) and non-racialized, non-Indigenous IEHPs (41.4%) have been employed in skilled well being occupations in comparison with different inhabitants teams. Moreover, almost 4 in 10 Filipino IEHPs have been employed in technical well being occupations (38.6%), a better proportion than different inhabitants teams.

Multivariate analyses

The descriptive analyses offered a normal image of variations in labour market outcomes throughout varied teams of IEHPs. Nevertheless, they didn’t account for variations in different traits. The next multivariate regression fashions look at how varied elements are related to three labour outcomes of curiosity—the probability of working in a well being occupation, the kind of well being occupation (based mostly on the talent degree required), and the earnings of IEHPs—whereas controlling for different traits. Solely IEHPs aged 18 to 64 who have been employed through the census reference week have been included in these regression analyses.

The primary mannequin estimates the probability of IEHPs working in a well being occupation in Canada in 2021 (Desk 7). Throughout sociodemographic traits, ladies have been extra prone to be employed in well being occupations than males, and the youngest IEHPs (aged 18 to 29) have been about 3.5 share factors much less probably than their older counterparts aged 50 or older to be working in a well being occupation. Nevertheless, IEHPs within the center age teams—20 to 29 and 40 to 49—have been extra prone to be employed in well being occupations than these aged 50 or older.

In comparison with IEHPs residing in Ontario, IEHPs in Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Saskatchewan have been considerably extra prone to be employed in a well being occupation. IEHPs residing in Newfoundland and Labrador have been about 12 share factors extra prone to be working in a well being occupation than their counterparts in Ontario. Conversely, IEHPs in Quebec and the territories have been much less probably than their counterparts in Ontario to be employed in a well being occupation in 2021.

Relative to IEHPs who immigrated to Canada previous to 2000, IEHPs from all different durations of immigration have been much less prone to be employed in a well being occupation. Of word, current immigrants have been almost 15 share factors much less prone to be employed in a well being occupation in 2021 than their counterparts who immigrated previous to 2000. Furthermore, in comparison with IEHPs who immigrated below the FSW program, IEHPs from most immigration courses have been much less prone to be employed in well being occupations. Nevertheless, there was not a statistically vital distinction between IEHPs who immigrated below the FSW program and people who arrived below the provincial applications after controlling for different sociodemographic and academic variations.

Language variations additionally accounted for some variations as IEHPs whose mom tongue was French or who had a mom tongue in a non-official language however may communicate French have been extra probably than IEHPs whose mom tongue was English to be employed in a well being occupation. Nevertheless, there was a big drawback for IEHPs who had a mom tongue in a non-official language and didn’t communicate English or French—this group was about 25 share factors much less prone to acquire employment in a well being occupation than their counterparts whose mom tongue was English.

Throughout inhabitants teams, some have been extra probably than non-racialized, non-Indigenous IEHPs to be employed in a well being occupation, whereas others have been much less probably. Notably, South Asian, Black, and Filipino IEHPs have been between 2 and 5 share factors extra probably than their non-racialized, non-Indigenous counterparts to have labored in a well being occupation in 2021. Nevertheless, Chinese language, Latin American, and Korean and Japanese IEHPs have been much less probably than non-racialized, non-Indigenous IEHPs to be employed in a well being occupation. The drawback was biggest for Latin American IEHPs who have been 9.5 share factors much less prone to have labored in a well being occupation than their non-racialized, non-Indigenous counterparts.

Outcomes for academic traits additionally reveal some attention-grabbing findings. First, in comparison with IEHPs with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry, IEHPs with different ranges of schooling have been considerably much less prone to acquire employment in a well being occupation. The drawback was biggest for IEHPs with a postsecondary credential beneath the bachelor’s degree who have been about 20 share factors much less prone to be employed in a well being occupation than their counterparts with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry. Moreover, in comparison with IEHPs who acquired their schooling in Asia, IEHPs from most different areas of schooling have been extra prone to be employed in a well being occupation. One exception was IEHPs who had studied in different European nations whose probability of being employed in a well being occupation was not statistically totally different from their counterparts who had studied in Asia.

The findings on subject of examine indicated that, relative to IEHPs who studied in different well being fields of examine, those that studied drugs, nursing, therapeutic companies, laboratory/diagnostics, pharmacy, private assist work, or dentistry fields have been extra prone to be employed in well being occupations. Notably, IEHPs who had studied nursing have been about 29 share factors extra prone to be employed in a well being occupation than their counterparts who had studied different well being fields.

The second regression mannequin predicts associations between varied traits and the kind of well being occupation of IEHPs based mostly on talent degree (Desk 8). Amongst IEHPs, males have been about 6 share factors extra probably than ladies to be employed in skilled well being occupations. Males have been additionally much less probably than ladies to be employed in technical or lower-skilled well being occupations. Throughout age teams, IEHPs within the center age teams (30 to 39 and 40 to 49) have been extra probably than IEHPs aged 50 or older to be employed in skilled well being occupations and fewer prone to be employed in technical well being occupations.

In comparison with IEHPs in Ontario, IEHPs residing in Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the territories have been much less prone to be employed in managerial well being occupations. Moreover, IEHPs in Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta have been much less probably than their counterparts in Ontario to be employed in skilled well being occupations. For technical well being occupations, IEHPs in Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta have been extra prone to be working in the sort of occupation than their counterparts in Ontario. Moreover, IEHPs residing in Quebec, Manitoba, Alberta, British Columbia, and the territories have been extra probably and IEHPs in Prince Edward Island have been much less prone to be employed in lower-skilled well being occupations in comparison with IEHPs in Ontario.

Variations have been additionally noticed throughout inhabitants teams. IEHPs from almost all racialized inhabitants teams have been much less prone to work in skilled well being occupations in comparison with their non-racialized, non-Indigenous counterparts; notably, Filipino IEHPs have been 28 share factors much less prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations than non-racialized, non-Indigenous IEHPs. One exception was for Arab and West Asian IEHPs who didn’t differ considerably from non-racialized, non-Indigenous IEHPs of their employment in skilled well being occupations. The outcomes additionally indicated that Black and Southeast Asian IEHPs have been extra prone to be employed in lower-skilled well being occupations than non-racialized, non-Indigenous IEHPs after controlling for different traits.

All IEHPs who arrived in Canada after 2000 have been much less prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations relative to IEHPs who arrived earlier than 2000. This distinction was notably giant for current immigrants (who arrived between 2016 and 2021) who have been 26 share factors much less prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations than their extra established counterparts. Moreover, essentially the most lately arrived IEHPs have been extra probably than IEHPs who immigrated earlier than 2000 to be employed in lower-skilled occupations, though this distinction was small (about 0.7 share factors much less probably).

Throughout most language teams, IEHPs have been much less prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations and extra prone to be employed in technical well being occupations in comparison with IEHPs whose mom tongue was English. One exception was for IEHPs with a mom tongue in a non- official language who spoke each English and French. They have been as probably as their counterparts whose mom tongue was English to be employed in an expert well being occupation. Moreover, though the variations have been small, IEHPs whose mom tongue was a non- official language however may communicate French and people whose mom tongue was French have been much less prone to be employed in lower-skilled well being occupations in comparison with IEHPs whose mom tongue was English.

Relative to IEHPs who arrived below the FSW program, those that arrived below different financial immigration applications, the household class, or refugee or humanitarian courses have been much less prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations. For instance, IEHPs who arrived below refugee or humanitarian admission applications have been about 12 share factors much less prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations than their counterparts who arrived below the FSW program. Moreover, IEHPs who arrived below different financial immigration applications, the household class, or refugees or humanitarian courses have been extra prone to be employed in technical well being occupations than those that arrived below the FSW program.

When it comes to academic variations, IEHPs with a degree of schooling that was not a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry have been much less prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations than IEHPs with the sort of diploma. Moreover, IEHPs who didn’t have a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry have been extra prone to be employed in technical well being occupations than their counterparts with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry. Curiously, outcomes predicting the probability of working in lower-skilled well being occupations indicated that there have been no statistically vital variations between IEHPs with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry and IEHPs with different schooling ranges.

IEHPs from a number of areas of schooling—English-speaking Western nations, French- talking European nations, Caribbean, Central and South American nations, and African nations—have been extra prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations than their counterparts who have been educated in Asian nations. Moreover, IEHPs who had studied in these 4 areas have been much less prone to be employed in technical well being occupations than IEHPs who had studied in Asia. There have been no variations throughout areas of schooling within the probability of working in lower-skilled well being occupations.

IEHPs who studied nursing, therapeutic companies, and pharmacy fields have been extra prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations than their counterparts who had studied ‘different’ well being fields. Curiously, IEHPs who had studied drugs or dentistry fields have been much less prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations than IEHPs who had studied different well being fields. IEHPs who studied dentistry have been about 17 share factors much less probably and IEHPS who studied drugs have been about 7 share factors much less probably than their counterparts who had studied ‘different’ well being fields to be employed in an expert well being occupation. Moreover, IEHPs who had studied nursing, therapeutic companies, and pharmacy have been much less prone to be employed in technical well being occupations than IEHPs who had studied ‘different’ well being fields.

The final mannequin predicts the log annual earnings of IEHPs aged 18 to 64 (Desk 9). Along with inspecting the relationships between sociodemographic and academic traits with the earnings of IEHPs, an extra mannequin determines the associations between the kind of occupation and earnings. Usually, the outcomes indicated that IEHP males have been related to 0.269 log-point (or 31%) greater annual earnings than IEHP ladies when variations in different sociodemographic traits have been taken under consideration; this distinction elevated barely when the kind of well being occupation was accounted for within the second mannequin. IEHPs aged 18 to 29 and 30 to 39 have been related to a lot decrease annual earnings than IEHPs aged 50 or older.

In comparison with IEHPs in Ontario, IEHPs residing in Newfoundland and Labrador earned extra (Mannequin 1); nevertheless, when the kind of well being occupation was added to the mannequin (Desk 9, Mannequin 2) this distinction was not statistically vital. This end result signifies that earnings variations between IEHPs in these two provinces are attributable to variations within the kinds of well being occupations they maintain. IEHPs residing in Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, and the territories earned extra on common than IEHPs in Ontario, even when controlling for variations in kinds of occupations. Conversely, IEHPs in Quebec earned lower than their Ontario counterparts when accounting for sociodemographic, academic, and occupational variations.

Moreover, most racialized inhabitants teams earned lower than non-racialized, non-Indigenous IEHPs in 2020. Outcomes from Mannequin 2 indicated that solely the earnings of IEHPs from Latin America, Southeast Asia, and different racialized inhabitants teams didn’t statistically differ from the earnings of non-racialized, non-Indigenous IEHPs. The most important earnings disadvantages have been noticed for Arab and West Asian and Chinese language IEHPs.

The interval throughout which IEHPs arrived in Canada was additionally considerably related to their earnings. All IEHP teams that arrived after 2000 earned lower than their counterparts who arrived earlier than 2000. Current immigrants had the most important earnings hole with IEHPs who arrived pre-2000. Usually, these outcomes point out that the extra years IEHPs have resided in Canada, the upper their earnings. Immigration class additionally revealed some attention-grabbing outcomes. IEHPs who immigrated below provincial applications or different financial immigration applications earned barely greater than IEHPs who immigrated below the FSW program. Nevertheless, IEHPs who arrived below the household class or the refugee or humanitarian courses earned lower than their counterparts who immigrated below the FSW program.

Some earnings variations have been noticed throughout language teams. IEHPs whose mom tongue was French or whose mom tongue was a non-official language however may communicate English and French earned greater than their counterparts whose mom tongue was English (Desk 9, Mannequin 2). Nevertheless, IEHPs whose mom tongue was a non-official language who may communicate English or who couldn’t communicate English or French earned lower than IEHPs whose mom tongue was English after controlling for different traits.

Throughout schooling ranges, IEHPs with a postsecondary credential beneath the bachelor’s degree earned lower than IEHPs with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry. Nevertheless, when the kind of well being occupation was managed for in Mannequin 2, this distinction was not statistically vital. Curiously, when sociodemographic, academic, and occupational variations have been accounted for, IEHPs with a bachelor’s diploma and IEHPs with a graduate diploma that was not in drugs, dentistry, or optometry earned greater than their counterparts with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry.

IEHPs who have been educated in Caribbean, Central, or South American nations or African nations earned greater than their counterparts who have been educated in Asia in Mannequin 1. Nevertheless, after accounting for variations in the kind of occupations they held, these earnings variations have been not statistically vital. Mannequin 2 outcomes indicated that IEHPs who studied in English-speaking Western nations or French-speaking European nations earned greater than IEHPs who studied in Asia, even when occupational variations have been managed within the mannequin. The sector of examine outcomes additionally revealed that IEHPs who had studied drugs, nursing, laboratory/diagnostics, or pharmacy fields earned greater than their counterparts who had studied different well being fields whereas IEHPs who had studied dentistry earned much less (Desk 9, Mannequin 2).

Lastly, outcomes from Mannequin 2 indicated that IEHPs who have been employed in managerial, skilled, or technical well being occupations earned greater than their counterparts who have been employed in non-health occupations. The earnings of IEHPs who have been employed in lower-skill well being occupations didn’t differ considerably from IEHPs employed in non-health occupations after accounting for different sociodemographic and academic traits.

Dialogue

This examine offers new details about the variety of IEHPs who resided in Canada utilizing 2021 Census of Inhabitants knowledge. Detailed details about the traits of IEHPs was offered, permitting for insights into the sociodemographic and academic make-up of this inhabitants. Moreover, current details about the extent to which IEHPs have been employed in occupations related to their academic coaching was offered. The disaggregation of those outcomes by key sociodemographic, academic, and immigration traits offers larger perception into variations within the labour market outcomes of IEHPs in Canada.

The outcomes indicated that there have been an estimated 259,695 IEHPs residing in Canada in 2021. The very best numbers of IEHPs resided in additional populated jurisdictions which have greater numbers of immigrants typically. Notably, almost half of IEHPs resided in Ontario (116,310), whereas each British Columbia and Alberta had over 40,000 IEHPs; Quebec had simply over 30,000 IEHPs. Smaller jurisdictions, akin to provinces within the Atlantic area and the territories had the bottom numbers of IEHPs in Canada, starting from about 475 in Prince Edward Island to three,195 in Nova Scotia.

The profile of IEHPs revealed that about one-third had studied nursing, and over 1 in 10 reported that they studied drugs. Very small proportions of IEHPs had studied in therapeutic companies or private assist work fields.^{Footnote 13} Of word, over half of IEHPs in Prince Edward Island had studied nursing, whereas Ontario had the best proportions of IEHPS who had studied dentistry or pharmacy.

Over one-third of IEHPs had a bachelor’s diploma, and about 2 in 10 had a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry. A notable proportion of IEHPs—about one-quarter—additionally held a postsecondary credential beneath the bachelor’s degree. Throughout jurisdictions, a better proportion of IEHPs in Newfoundland and Labrador, Ontario, and New Brunswick had a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry in comparison with Canada general. The vast majority of IEHPs acquired their schooling in Asia, whereas simply over 1 in 10 studied in an English-speaking Western nation. The proportion of IEHPs who had studied in an English-speaking Western nation was highest in New Brunswick (21.3%), whereas the best proportion of IEHPs who had studied in French- talking European nations resided in Quebec (12.7%).

The vast majority of IEHPs—about 7 in 10—have been ladies, though there have been some variations throughout jurisdictions. For instance, Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick had smaller proportions of IEHPs who have been ladies. Moreover, most IEHPs have been below the age of fifty in 2021. Nevertheless, in comparison with Canada general, there have been bigger proportions of IEHPs in British Columbia and New Brunswick aged 50 or older. Almost one-third of IEHPs had lately arrived in Canada (between 2016 and 2021) and the bulk entered Canada below both the FSW or provincial applications. Curiously, some provinces appeared to have a larger reliance on provincial applications for bringing IEHPs to Canada—over half of the IEHPs in Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan arrived below this program. In distinction, the vast majority of IEHPs in Ontario arrived below both the FSW program or the household class.

Most IEHPs have been capable of communicate no less than one among Canada’s official languages, with the bulk reporting one other mom tongue, however proficiency in English. Moreover, about one-quarter of IEHPs have been Filipino, though this group represented a better proportion of IEHPs in Manitoba and the territories. South Asians accounted for simply over 2 in 10 IEHPs, the second largest inhabitants group on the nationwide degree; nevertheless, there have been greater proportions of South Asian IEHPs in Prince Edward Island and Ontario.

In 2021, over half of the IEHPs—57.7 %—have been employed in well being occupations. Newfoundland and Labrador had the best proportion of IEHPs working in well being occupations in comparison with different jurisdictions (73.8%), whereas greater than 6 in 10 IEHPs in Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Saskatchewan have been additionally employed in well being occupations. Almost one-third of IEHPs labored in skilled well being occupations, and nearly one-quarter have been employed in technical well being occupations. Very small proportions of IEHPs have been employed in administration or lower-skilled well being occupations—below 1 % for every occupation sort.

The outcomes additionally confirmed that many IEHPs in Canada have been over-educated for his or her jobs as notable proportions with a college diploma have been working in technical well being occupations that require decrease ranges of schooling than skilled well being occupations. Nevertheless, very small proportions of IEHPs with a college diploma have been employed in decrease expert well being occupations.

The labour market outcomes of IEHPs differed throughout sociodemographic, academic, and immigration traits. After accounting for different elements, the regression outcomes indicated that IEHPs in Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Saskatchewan have been extra probably than their Ontario counterparts to be employed in a well being occupation. Nevertheless, IEHPs residing in Quebec and the territories have been much less probably than their Ontario counterparts to be employed in a well being occupation. IEHPs in a number of jurisdictions (Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta) have been much less prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations than IEHPs in Ontario. The provincial and territorial outcomes additionally confirmed some earnings variations— IEHPs in Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia, and the territories earned greater than their counterparts in Ontario.

Earlier analysis has indicated ladies who’ve a well being schooling are largely underutilized within the Canadian labour market (Hou and Schimmele, 2020). This examine signifies that amongst IEHPs, males have been much less probably than ladies to be employed in a well being occupation, however they have been extra probably than ladies to be employed in managerial or skilled well being occupations. Conversely, males have been much less probably than ladies to work in technical or lower-skilled well being occupations. The outcomes additionally indicated that amongst IEHPs, males earned greater than ladies, even after accounting for variations in the kind of well being occupation they held.

Whereas some inhabitants teams have been much less prone to be employed in a well being occupation in comparison with non-racialized, non-Indigenous IEHPs, there have been some exceptions—South Asian, Black, and Filipino IEHPs have been extra probably than their non-racialized, non-Indigenous counterparts to be employed in a well being occupation. Nevertheless, IEHPs in most inhabitants teams have been much less prone to work in skilled well being occupations in comparison with non-racialized, non-Indigenous IEHPs, with Filipino IEHPs having the best drawback. One exception was amongst Arab and West Asian IEHPs whose probability of being employed in an expert well being occupation didn’t differ considerably from non-racialized, non-Indigenous IEHPs. The outcomes additionally indicated that Black and Southeast Asian IEHPs have been extra prone to be employed in lower-skilled well being occupations than their non-racialized, non-Indigenous counterparts. Furthermore, there was an earnings drawback for many racialized inhabitants teams, with Arab and West Asian and Chinese language IEHPs having the most important earnings gaps with their non-racialized, non-Indigenous counterparts.

Language additionally mattered to employment outcomes of IEHPs—these whose mom tongue was a non-official language and who didn’t communicate English or French have been much less prone to acquire employment in a well being occupation than their counterparts whose mom tongue was English. IEHPs whose mom tongue was French or whose mom tongue was a non-official language however may communicate each English and French additionally had greater earnings in comparison with IEHPs whose mom tongue was English, indicating an earnings benefit for IEHPs with proficiency in French. IEHPs in different language teams have been much less prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations and extra prone to be employed in technical well being occupations than IEHPs whose mom tongue was English. IEHPs who couldn’t communicate both English or French had a specific employment drawback which included the most important earnings hole with IEHPs whose mom tongue was English.

Immigration traits have been additionally related to the labour outcomes of IEHPs. IEHPs who lately arrived in Canada (between 2016 and 2021) had a number of employment disadvantages in comparison with their counterparts who had arrived in Canada in earlier years. IEHPs who arrived between 2016 and 2021 had decrease employment charges and better unemployment charges than IEHPs who arrived in earlier years and have been additionally much less probably than their counterparts who had immigrated previous to 2000 to acquire employment in a well being occupation. More moderen cohorts of IEHPs have been much less prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations and extra prone to maintain technical and lower-skilled well being occupations than their counterparts who arrived in Canada earlier than 2000. Not too long ago arrived IEHPs additionally had the most important earnings hole with immigrants who arrived in Canada previous to 2000. Usually, these outcomes indicated that the extra years an IEHP has resided in Canada, the larger their earnings and probability of working in a well being occupation.

IEHPs who arrived below most immigration courses have been much less probably than their counterparts who immigrated below the FSW program to acquire employment in a well being occupation. Nevertheless, those that arrived via provincial applications didn’t differ considerably from those that arrived below the FSW program on this final result. Moreover, IEHPs who arrived below provincial applications earned greater than those that immigrated below the FSW program. In distinction, IEHPs who arrived below the household class or refugee or humanitarian courses have been at a specific employment drawback as they have been much less prone to acquire employment in a well being occupation, extra prone to acquire employment in lower-skilled well being occupations, and earned lower than their counterparts who immigrated to Canada below the FSW program.

Employment outcomes additionally differed by schooling degree. IEHPs whose highest academic credential was a bachelor’s diploma had the best employment charge, whereas IEHPs with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry had the best unemployment charge. IEHPs with different ranges of schooling have been much less prone to be employed in a well being occupation and fewer prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations than IEHPs with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry. Nevertheless, whereas the descriptive outcomes indicated that IEHPs with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry had the best earnings on common, when different traits have been managed for, together with the kind of well being occupation held, IEHPs with a bachelor’s diploma or graduate diploma that was not in drugs, dentistry, or optometry earned greater than IEHPs with a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry.

Supporting earlier analysis that discovered the area of schooling mattered to the employment outcomes of IEHPs (e.g., Girard and Smith, 2013; Hou and Schimmele, 2020), outcomes from this examine revealed that IEHPs who obtained their schooling in French-speaking European nations had the best employment charge in comparison with different areas of schooling. IEHPs who have been educated in most areas have been extra prone to acquire employment in a well being occupation than their counterparts who have been educated in Asia. Area of schooling was additionally related to the kind of well being occupation IEHPs held—these from English-speaking Western nations, French-speaking European nations, Caribbean, Central and South American nations, and African nations have been extra prone to be employed in skilled well being occupations than their counterparts who have been educated in Asian nations. Moreover, IEHPs who had studied in English-speaking Western nations or French-speaking European nations had greater earnings than their counterparts who have been educated in Asia.

The outcomes confirmed that IEHPs who studied in all main well being fields of examine have been extra prone to be employed in well being occupations in comparison with IEHPs who had studied ‘different’ well being fields. Nevertheless, IEHPs who had studied nursing tended to have higher labour market outcomes than IEHPs from different fields of examine. First, IEHPs with academic coaching in nursing had the second lowest unemployment charge (6.0%) and second highest employment charge (79.6%) in comparison with IEHPs with a background in different fields. Amongst IEHPs who have been employed, over two-thirds of these with a nursing schooling have been employed in a well being occupation—a better share than IEHPs from all different fields of examine. Over one-third (35.3%) have been employed in skilled well being occupations and an extra 31.3% labored in technical well being fields. Their high 5 occupations have been registered nurses and registered psychiatric nurses (34%); nurse aides, orderlies, and affected person service associates (21%); licensed sensible nurses (8%); mild obligation cleaners (2%); and social and group service staff (2%). On common, IEHPs with a nursing background earned extra ($56,500) than most different IEHPs, besides for many who studied drugs or pharmacy fields.

In distinction, IEHPs with academic coaching in drugs had a decrease employment charge (73.2%) than IEHPs who had studied in most different fields; solely IEHPs who had studied dentistry or private assist work had decrease charges of employment. Amongst those that have been employed, over half of IEHPs who studied drugs have been employed in skilled well being occupations. Additional examination of employment by academic background indicated that simply over 1 in 10 IEHPs who had a level in drugs, dentistry, or optometry labored in technical well being occupations, indicating some extent of underemployment amongst these staff. Their high 5 occupations have been normal practitioners and household physicians (28%); specialists in medical and laboratory drugs (13%); nurse aides, orderlies, and affected person service associates (4%); registered nurses and registered psychiatric nurses (4%); and medical sonographers (3%). Employed IEHPs with an academic background in drugs earned greater than different employed IEHPs on common.

Lastly, the kind of well being occupation an IEHP held was a big predictor of their earnings in Canada. Those that have been employed in managerial, skilled, or technical well being occupations earned greater than their counterparts employed in non-health occupations. Nevertheless, there was no statistically vital distinction between the earnings of IEHPs employed in lower-skilled well being occupations and IEHPs employed in non-health occupations. These outcomes point out that employment in higher-skilled well being occupations corresponds to an earnings benefit for IEHPs.

Whereas this examine offers up to date info on the traits and labour market outcomes of IEHPs in Canada, there are some limitations. First, the outcomes are cross-sectional and subsequently adjustments within the employment of IEHPs throughout time can’t be adopted. Second, whereas the labour market outcomes present an image of the extent to which IEHPs are employed in occupations related to their academic coaching, this report doesn’t present particular info on occupational matching. Nevertheless, this may very well be addressed in future analysis, akin to extra detailed analyses of the inconsistencies between the kind of well being schooling IEHPs have and their occupations in Canada. For instance, additional investigation into the extent to which IEHPs educated in drugs are employed as physicians, or the proportion of IEHPs who studied nursing and are employed as nurses would offer larger perception into the underemployment and occupational matching of IEHPs in Canada. Third, an examination of the inconsistencies between fields of examine and schooling ranges would even be helpful; for instance, figuring out the variety of IEHPs educated in medical fields however who report a bachelor’s diploma or decrease as their highest degree of schooling, and whether or not these variations present a sample by area of schooling.

Addressing these info gaps would permit policymakers to higher perceive the labour market integration of IEHPs into Canada’s well being workforce. Moreover, this examine didn’t look at non-permanent residents who have been internationally educated well being care professionals. The 2021 census knowledge present that the variety of NPR IEHPs was sizable (35,580) and about 74% of them have been employed with a comparatively excessive focus working as nurse aides, orderlies, or affected person service associates. To higher perceive the panorama of IEHPs, additional research ought to look at the transition of NPR IEHPs to everlasting residency and their retention in well being occupations. As this report focuses on offering new info on the panorama of IEHPs, future research could supply additional detailed analyses of particular inhabitants teams akin to gender teams, racialized inhabitants teams, and their intersectionality.

Conclusion

Whereas immigrants who have been educated outdoors of Canada have a protracted historical past of contributing to Canada’s labour power, detailed info on the labour market outcomes of these with coaching and {qualifications} in well being fields is proscribed. One of these info is required amid labour shortages within the well being care sector, notably within the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. This examine offers new details about the profile of IEHPs in Canada and their labour market outcomes, with outcomes disaggregated by sociodemographic, academic, and immigration traits.

Usually, the outcomes discovered that 57.7% of IEHPs in Canada have been employed in well being occupations in 2021, with most concentrated in skilled well being occupations. Nevertheless, some teams of IEHPs skilled higher outcomes than others. For instance, amongst IEHPs in Canada, ladies have been much less prone to acquire employment in an expert well being occupation and lately arrived IEHPs (who arrived in Canada between 2016 and 2021) had a number of employment disadvantages in comparison with their counterparts who arrived in earlier years.

Findings from this examine may help to tell policymakers concerning the diploma to which IEHPs are usually not utilizing their expertise and academic coaching within the well being sector and which teams of IEHPs could also be experiencing larger boundaries to coming into well being occupations in Canada. The outcomes may even be of significance to IEHPs themselves, in addition to to employers of well being care professionals.

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Appendix Desk 1

Well being-related fields of examine of internationally educated well being care professionals, based mostly on the 2021 Classification of Educational Packages

CIP code	Area of examine
31.05	Sports activities, kinesiology, and bodily schooling/bodily health
42.28	Medical, counselling and utilized psychology
51.00	Normal well being companies/allied well being/well being sciences
51.01	Chiropractic (DC)
51.02	Communication problems sciences and companies
51.04	Dentistry (DDS, DMD)
51.05	Superior/graduate dentistry and oral sciences (Cert., MS, MSc, PhD)
51.06	Dental assist companies and allied professions
51.07	Well being and medical administrative companies
51.08	Allied well being and medical aiding companies
51.09	Allied well being diagnostic, intervention and remedy professions
51.10	Medical/medical laboratory science/analysis and allied professions
51.11	Well being/medical preparatory applications
51.12	Medication
51.14	Medical medical sciences/graduate medical research
51.15	Psychological and social well being companies and allied professions
51.17	Optometry (OD)
51.18	Ophthalmic and optometric assist companies and allied professions
51.20	Pharmacy, pharmaceutical sciences and administration
51.22	Public well being
51.23	Rehabilitation and therapeutic professions
51.26	Well being aides/attendants/orderlies
51.27	Medical illustration and informatics
51.31	Dietetics and medical diet companies
51.32	Well being professions schooling, ethics, and humanities
51.33	Various and complementary drugs and medical programs
51.34	Various and complementary medical assist companies
51.35	Somatic bodywork and associated therapeutic companies
51.36	Motion and mind-body therapies
51.37	Vitality-based and biologically-based therapies
51.38	Registered nursing, nursing administration, nursing analysis and medical nursing
51.39	Sensible nursing, vocational nursing and nursing assistants
51.99	Well being professions and associated applications, different
60.01	Dental residency/fellowship applications
60.07	Nurse practitioner residency/fellowship applications
60.08	Pharmacy residency/fellowship applications
60.09	Doctor assistant residency/fellowship applications
60.99	Well being professions residency/fellowship applications, different
61.01	Mixed medical residency/fellowship applications
61.02	A number of-pathway medical fellowship applications
61.03	Allergy and immunology residency/fellowship applications
61.04	Anesthesiology residency/fellowship applications
61.05	Dermatology residency/fellowship applications
61.06	Emergency drugs residency/fellowship applications
61.07	Household drugs residency/fellowship applications
61.08	Inside drugs residency/fellowship applications
61.09	Medical genetics and genomics residency/fellowship applications
61.10	Neurological surgical procedure residency/fellowship applications
61.11	Neurology residency/fellowship applications
61.12	Nuclear drugs residency/fellowship applications
61.13	Obstetrics and gynecology residency/fellowship applications
61.14	Ophthalmology residency/fellowship applications
61.15	Orthopedic surgical procedure residency/fellowship applications
61.16	Osteopathic drugs residency/fellowship applications
61.17	Otolaryngology residency/fellowship applications
61.18	Pathology residency/fellowship applications
61.19	Pediatrics residency/fellowship applications
61.20	Bodily drugs and rehabilitation residency/fellowship applications
61.21	Cosmetic surgery residency/fellowship applications
61.22	Podiatric drugs residency/fellowship applications
61.23	Preventive drugs residency/fellowship applications
61.24	Psychiatry residency/fellowship applications
61.25	Radiation oncology residency/fellowship applications
61.26	Radiology residency/fellowship applications
61.27	Surgical procedure residency/fellowship applications
61.28	Urology residency/fellowship applications
61.99	Medical residency/fellowship applications, different

Appendix Desk 2

Definition of broad fields of examine, based mostly on 2021 Classification of Educational Packages

Broad subject of examine	CIP code	CIP subject of examine
Medication/medical subject	51.12	Medication
	61.01	Mixed medical residency/fellowship applications
	61.02	A number of-pathway medical fellowship applications
	61.03	Allergy and immunology residency/fellowship applications
	61.04	Anesthesiology residency/fellowship applications
	61.05	Dermatology residency/fellowship applications
	61.06	Emergency drugs residency/fellowship applications
	61.07	Household drugs residency/fellowship applications
	61.08	Inside drugs residency/fellowship applications
	61.09	Medical genetics and genomics residency/fellowship applications
	61.10	Neurological surgical procedure residency/fellowship applications
	61.11	Neurology residency/fellowship applications
	61.12	Nuclear drugs residency/fellowship applications
	61.13	Obstetrics and gynecology residency/fellowship applications
	61.14	Ophthalmology residency/fellowship applications
	61.15	Orthopedic surgical procedure resid ency/fellowship applications
	61.16	Osteopathic drugs residency/fellowship applications
	61.17	Otolaryngology residency/fellowship applications
	61.18	Pathology residency/fellowship applications
	61.19	Pediatrics residency/fellowship applications
	61.20	Bodily drugs and rehabilitation residency/fellowship applications
	61.21	Cosmetic surgery residency/fellowship applications
	61.22	Podiatric drugs residency/fellowship applications
	61.23	Preventive drugs residency/fellowship applications
	61.24	Psychiatry residency/fellowship applications
	61.25	Radiation oncology residency/fellowship applications
	61.26	Radiology residency/fellowship applications
	61.27	Surgical procedure residency/fellowship applications
	61.28	Urology residency/fellowship applications
	61.99	Medical residency/fellowship applications, different
Nurses	51.3801	Registered nursing/registered nurse (RN, ASN, BSN, BScN, MSN, MScN)
	51.3802	Nursing administration (Cert., MSN, MS, MScN, MSc, PhD)
	51.3803	Grownup well being nurse/nursing
	51.3804	Nurse anesthetist
	51.3805	Main well being care nurse/nursing and household apply nurse/nursing
	51.3806	Maternal/youngster well being and neonatal nurse/nursing
	51.3807	Nurse midwife/nursing midwifery
	51.3808	Nursing science (MS, MSc, PhD)
	51.3809	Pediatric nurse/nursing
	51.3810	Psychiatric/psychological well being nurse/nursing
	51.3811	Public well being/group nurse/nursing
	51.3812	Perioperative/working room and surgical nurse/nursing
	51.3813	Medical nurse specialist
	51.3814	Important care nurse/nursing
	51.3815	Occupational and environmental well being nurse/nursing
	51.3816	Emergency room/trauma nurse/nursing
	51.3818	Nursing apply
	51.3819	Palliative care nurse/nursing
	51.3821	Geriatric nurse/nursing
	51.3823	Registered psychiatric nurse/nursingCAN
	51.3824	Forensic nursing
	51.3899	Registered nursing, nursing administration, nursing analysis and medical nursing, different
	60.0700	Nurse practitioner residency/fellowship applications
	51.3900	Sensible nursing, vocational nursing and nursing assistants
	51.3901	Licensed sensible/vocational nurse coaching
Therapeutic companies	51.23	Rehabilitation and therapeutic professions
	51.2306	Occupational therapist
	51.2309	Physiotherapist
	51.09	Allied well being diagnostic, intervention and remedy professions
	51.0908	Respiratory care remedy/therapist
Laboratory/diagnostics	51.10	Medical/medical laboratory science/analysis and allied professions
	51.09	Allied well being diagnostic, intervention and remedy professions
	51.0912	Doctor assistant
Pharmacy	51.20	Pharmacy, pharmaceutical sciences and administration
	60.08	Pharmacy residency/fellowship applications
Private Assist Work	51.26	Well being aides/attendants/orderlies
Dentistry	51.04	Dentistry (DDS, DMD)
	51.05	Superior/graduate dentistry and oral sciences (Cert., MS, MSc, PhD)
	51.06	Dental assist companies and allied professions

Appendix Desk 3

Record of occupations recognized as well being occupations, based mostly on 2021 Nationwide Occupational Classification (NOC)

NOC main group	“NOC code (5-digit)”	Occupation title
Specialised center administration occupations in well being care	30010	Managers in well being care
Skilled occupations in well being	31100	Specialists in medical and laboratory drugs
	31101	Specialists in surgical procedure
	31102	Normal practitioners and household physicians
	31110	Dentists
	31111	Optometrists
	31112	Audiologists and speech-language pathologists
	31120	Pharmacists
	31200	Psychologists
	31202	Physiotherapists
	31203	Occupational therapists
	31204	Kinesiologists and different skilled occupations in remedy and evaluation
	31209	Different skilled occupations in well being diagnosing and treating
	31300	Nursing coordinators and supervisors
	31301	Registered nurses and registered psychiatric nurses
	31302	Nurse practitioners
	31303	Doctor assistants, midwives, and allied well being professionals
Technical occupations in well being	32100	Opticians
	32101	Licensed sensible nurses
	32102	Paramedical occupations
	32103	Respiratory therapists, medical perfusionists, and cardiopulmonary
	32109	Different technical occupations in remedy and evaluation
	32110	Denturists
	32111	Dental hygienists and dental therapists
	32120	Medical laboratory technologists
	32121	Medical radiation technologists
	32122	Medical sonographers
	32123	Cardiology technologists and electrophysiological diagnostic technnologists
	32124	Pharmacy technicians
	32129	Different medical technologists and technicians
Aiding occupations in assist of well being companies	33100	Dental assistants and dental laboratory assistants
	33101	Medical laboratory assistants and associated technical occupations
	33102	Nurse aides, orderlies, and affected person service associates
	33103	Pharmacy technical assistants and pharmacy assistants
	33109	Different aiding occupations in assist of well being companies
Occupations in schooling, legislation and social, group and authorities companies	44101	House assist staff, caregivers, and associated occupations

Appendix Desk 4